Gender Pay Gap in Sports on a Fan-Request Celebrity Video Site

The internet is often thought of as a democratizer, enabling equality in aspects such as pay, as well as a tool introducing novel communication and monetization opportunities. In this study we examine athletes on Cameo, a website that enables bi-directional fan-celebrity interactions, questioning whether the well-documented gender pay gaps in sports persist in this digital setting. Traditional studies into gender pay gaps in sports are mostly in a centralized setting where an organization decides the pay for the players, while Cameo facilitates grass-roots fan engagement where fans pay for video messages from their preferred athletes. The results showed that even on such a platform gender pay gaps persist, both in terms of cost-per-message, and in the number of requests, proxied by number of ratings. For instance, we find that female athletes have a median pay of 30$ per-video, while the same statistic is 40$ for men. The results also contribute to the study of parasocial relationships and personalized fan engagements over a distance. Something that has become more relevant during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, where in-person fan engagement has often been limited. © 2023 Owner/Author.

Meeting the challenge of gender inequality through gender transformative research: lessons from research in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

While the global development agenda has prioritized gender equality, many challenges remain, and the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated inequalities. Gender transformative approaches to social change have the potential to address the underlying causes of inequality. This paper draws insights from studies funded by Canada's International Development Research Centre to understand how integrating gender transformative approaches to research can support social change. The findings suggest that gender transformative research is most successful in supporting change when it analyzes and addresses the multiple causes of inequality, takes an intersectional and structural approach, embeds the research in local contexts, and engages power holders and perpetrators of inequality.Alternate :RÉSUMÉSi les objectifs de développement mondial ont donné la priorité à l'égalité des genres, il y a encore de nombreux défis à relever dans ce domaine et la crise de la COVID-19 a exacerbé les inégalités. Les approches transformatrices du genre nous permettent de faire face aux causes sous-jacentes de ces inégalités. Cet article base son analyse sur des études financées par le Centre de recherches pour le développement international, au Canada, et vise à mieux comprendre comment l'adoption d'approches transformatrices du genre dans le contexte de la recherche peut appuyer le changement social. Nos résultats suggèrent que la recherche se basant sur une approche transformatrice du genre a de meilleurs chances d'inciter des changements sociaux lorsqu'elle analyse et répond aux différentes causes des inégalités, lorsqu'elle adopte une approche intersectionnelle et structurelle, lorsqu'elle intègre la recherche dans des contextes locaux et lorsqu'elle confronte les détenteurs du pouvoir et les responsables des inégalités.

Gendered Economic Vulnerabilities in Disaster Environments: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that entrenched and gendered economic disadvantages can become more pronounced in a disaster environment, especially when the disaster is a long-term situation, as with the pandemic. There is a large body of literature that has highlighted the existence of gender bias against women, in relation to their financial positions pre-disaster, which become more exacerbated during a disaster. Regional elements, including cultural factors, can become more pronounced, in increasing not only physiological and psychological vulnerabilities of women but also financial vulnerabilities during the disaster. A review of current literature (mostly media and academic literature, 2020-2021) has been undertaken to present a discussion of enhanced financial vulnerabilities of women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recommendations for threat mitigation are also provided. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Re-thinking care after the pandemic: a European Care Strategy for Caregivers and Care Receivers

The importance of care for our sustainability is increasingly discussed by policy makers and academics. For several reasons, however, the law has failed to address it. Accordingly, care has long been in a state of crisis, where the needs of those who require care are not met, and those who care are routinely subject to discrimination and cannot care in a dignified way. The Covid-19 Pandemic has highlighted the extent of the problem. The EU has responded by announcing on 7 September 2022 ‘A European Care Strategy for Caregivers and Care Receivers'. Although not flawless, this initiative is ground-breaking. It is now crucial to sustain momentum and to continue to build on this initiative. © 2023, The Author(s).

Masculinity and COVID-19: Symposium introduction

This article presents an introduction to the Symposium on Masculinity and COVID-19. In this symposium, the authors focus on how gender inequalities in particular have structured social life during this global pandemic. At all levels, gender is a central part of the story of COVID-19-from how people experience the disease to how national decisions have been shaped by cultures of manhood. And from the rate of disease, and how men respond to public health calls, to what homelife looks like for people during shutdown, and nationalistic political responses, masculinity has been a unique liability to the human population during this time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Overcoming the gender bias in ecology and evolution: is the double-anonymized peer review an effective pathway over time?

Male researchers dominate scientific production in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, potential mechanisms to avoid this gender imbalance remain poorly explored in STEM, including ecology and evolution areas. In the last decades, changes in the peer-review process towards double-anonymized (DA) have increased among ecology and evolution (EcoEvo) journals. Using comprehensive data on articles from 18 selected EcoEvo journals with an impact factor >1, we tested the effect of the DA peer-review process in female-leading (i.e., first and senior authors) articles. We tested whether the representation of female-leading authors differs between double and single-anonymized (SA) peer-reviewed journals. Also, we tested if the adoption of the DA by previous SA journals has increased the representativeness of female-leading authors over time. We found that publications led by female authors did not differ between DA and SA journals. Moreover, female-leading articles did not increase after changes from SA to DA peer-review. Tackling female underrepresentation in science is a complex task requiring many interventions. Still, our results highlight that adopting the DA peer-review system alone could be insufficient in fostering gender equality in EcoEvo scientific publications. Ecologists and evolutionists understand how diversity is important to ecosystems' resilience in facing environmental changes. The question remaining is: why is it so difficult to promote and keep this "diversity" in addition to equity and inclusion in the academic environment? We thus argue that all scientists, mentors, and research centers must be engaged in promoting solutions to gender bias by fostering diversity, inclusion, and affirmative measures.

COVID-19-associated income loss and job loss: Evidence from Indonesia.

COVID-19 pandemic has substantially altered socioeconomic conditions around the world. While numerous existing studies analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among developed states, little is known about its effects on people's lives and social discrepancies in emerging economies. To this end, we empirically analyze the 2020 Indonesian Labor Force Survey data, hypothesizing that COVID-19 has given idiosyncratic risks and impacts on people by gender, age, education, occupation and regions. We find that income loss and job loss are prominent among males, younger and less educated people as well as among self-employed and part-time non-agricultural workers. These tendencies are not pronounced for people enjoying high income and mobility, but tend to be evident for urban residents and those having dependents. Notably, self-employed people have the highest risk of losing income, while part-time urban workers face the highest probability of losing their jobs. The propensity score matching method also demonstrates that these losses are most evident for the regions susceptible to COVID-19. Overall, we suggest that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups require additional support to strengthen their resilience in the face of exogenous shocks, such as the one caused by the global coronavirus pandemic.

The New Regulation of Telework and Remote Work in Portugal: Considerations and Prospects

COVID-1 9 led to an extraordinary increase in both telework and remote work, exposing some of the fragilities and loopholes of the Portuguese applicable regulation and leading the Portuguese Parliament to approve a new law on teleworking in the form of an amendment to the Labour Code aimed at extending the protection of teleworkers. This paper intends to analyse this new regulation implemented by Law No. 83/2021 of 6 December regarding its concept and scope of application;the telework agreement and the principle of volunteering;teleworkers' rights and employers' duties related to equipment, tools and teleworking-related expenses;employers' duty to abstain from any contact during rest periods;privacy and data protection;health, safety and work-related accidents;and the right to telework, namely for work-life balance reasons. The final objective is to provide a critical overview of the legal regulation, assessing its strengths and weaknesses.

A qualitative life course perspective on covid-lockdowns and couples? division of unpaid labour

Covid-19 lockdowns in many countries were characterised by increases in unpaid labour (e.g. home-schooling), as well as changing working conditions (e.g. remote work). Consequently, a large body of research assesses changes in dual earner couples' gender division of unpaid labour. However, despite the increasingly detailed picture of households' division of labour before and after the onset of the pandemic, it remains unclear how dual earner parents themselves perceive their decision-making regarding labour divisions during lockdowns. Conse-quently, using data from 31 individual in-depth interviews in Belgium, this study adopts a biographical -interpretative method to assess variation in narratives regarding the household division of labour before and during lockdown. Results indicate five ideal type narratives which vary in the extent to which lockdown divisions of unpaid labour exhibit path-dependency or constitute new gender dynamics, but also regarding the balance between individual agency and societal factors as determinants of labour divisions. Taken together, narratives discussing new gender dynamics during lockdowns put forward sector-specific changes in working hours and remote work as external and exogenous determinants. However, most importantly, findings indicate that household decision-making regarding unpaid labour during lockdowns is mostly perceived as path-dependent on pre-covid decision-making (e.g. gender specialisation) in the context of structural (e.g. gendered leave schemes) and normative boundaries (e.g. gendered parenting norms). Such path-dependencies in the decision-making underlying quantitatively identifiable divisions of unpaid labour during lockdowns are likely to be neglected in the absence of a qualitative life course perspective.

"We are to weather this storm": Analysis of announcements of the rector of the University of Iceland during Covid-19

Various studies point to the importance of guarding gender equality in times of Covid-19 as there is the risk of backlash (Al-Ali, 2020;Zarkov, 2020), both because the situation of subordinate groups tends to worsen and, in times of uncertainty, equal rights tend to be put aside. In this article we analyse the announcements sent out in the name of the Rector of the University of Iceland to students and staff during the Covid-19 pandemic. We ask what was the response of the University of Iceland to the Covid-19 pandemic? What messages were communicated to the UI staff of a university that presents itself as a leading university and how did these messages conform to UI policies regarding gender equality and family responsibilities? In order to answer this question, we analyse 96 announcements sent between February 2020 and May 2021, and consisted, after data cleaning, of around 34,000 words. We analyse the data from a gender perspective and utilise discourse analysis. The findings reveal that the University of Iceland responded by sending out announcements regularly, with the aim of keeping both staff and students informed about the way UI was reacting to and implementing instructions given out by the disease prevention authorities. By informing students and teachers simultaneously about the situation, the impression was given that everyone was in the same boat. However, in reality this was not the case as different groups faced different challenges. Teachers were expected to take additional responsibility regarding the welfare of students, not only in relation to teaching, assignments and course assessment, but also regarding students' financial circumstances and well-being. It can, therefore, be argued that expectations regarding academic housework and academic caring were raised substantially. This analysis connects to the university's policies regarding gender equality and family responsibilities. Women attend to teaching to a larger extent than men and research shows that women are simply expected to take on more caring work than men. Within the announcements, this difference is neither addressed nor is there a link to gender equality or family responsibility policies. The findings show that rather than slowing down there is an emphasis on gearing up and achieving results, which is in line with notions of,the excellent university" and the temporal order of capitalism (Suckert, 2021). Subsequently there is more emphasis on keeping the system going rather than considering the situation and the well-being of employees. The message is, therefore, paradoxical and inconsistent. Sometimes university policies have a supportive role within the announcements, indicating how well the university is doing, while at other times within the same announcements the policies are contradicted. The paradox becomes crystallised, when citing different persons for inspiration, with the intention of pulling both students and employees through the pandemic, since men are for the most part cited in the announcements as sources of inspiration. Generally speaking, it can be said that the announcements sent during the Covid-19 pandemic highlight how relying on employees to maintain the university`s prominent and leading position is ill-matched when it comes to employees` well-being and family life. The aim of this study is to draw attention to the gendered message sent out and its potential gendered consequences. We want to emphasize the importance of intertwining gender and equality perspectives within all policies of the University of Iceland, as is indeed specified within the equality policy of the university itself. Only in that way will it be possible to break down the aura of gender inequality and practise equality for real.

Introduction: Gendered Perspectives on Covid-19 Recovery in Africa—Towards Sustainable Development

This chapter introduces the core discussions of the authors of this edited book—the connection between gender and the Covid-19 pandemic effects, responses, and recovery in Africa. The book underscores the need for swift responses to the plight of African women and the United Nations' goals aimed at fostering sustainable development. Within this context, the book begins with an evaluation of the effect of the Covid-19 crisis on African women's social and economic contributions and the need for recovery plans to engender a more prosperous, sustainable future for the continent's women and girls. Chapters in the book focus on the effects of Covid-19 on African women, implications for achievement of the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs), and policy recommendations for pandemic recovery in Africa. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.

Empowering Women During Covid-19 Pandemic: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Informality

Gender inequality remains an important theme in global development conversation because women suffer from gender-related inequalities. Despite the increasing awareness of this problem due to decades of campaigns and interventions, the problem still persists. While the gender empowerment conversation has gained traction over the years with positive actions (e.g., SDGs) aiming to roll back the historical gender-related disadvantages suffered by women, the occurrence of socially disruptive events like the Covid-19 pandemic seems to be negatively impacting these gains. Covid-19 has created turmoil in the world, worsening the gender equality pursuit. Based on a review of empirical literature on Covid-19 and its associated impacts, this chapter presents a desk-based reflection on the economic and sociocultural dynamics that have perpetuated the systematic disempowerment of women. The chapter argues that in addition to basic empowerment programmes, more deliberate efforts should be put into creating an economic structure that empowers women. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.

United Nations Women

UN Women is the United Nations entity dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. A global champion for women and girls, UN Women was established to accelerate progress on meeting their needs worldwide. UN Women supports UN Member States as they set global standards for achieving gender equality and works with governments and civil society to design laws, policies, programs, and services needed to ensure that the standards are effectively implemented and truly benefit women and girls worldwide. It works globally to make the vision of the sustainable development goals a reality for women and girls and stands behind women's equal participation in all aspects of life. This article outlines its history, structure, and major programmatic functions. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 and the gender gap in research productivity: understanding the effect of having primary responsibility for the care of children

In this paper we contribute to the emerging literature on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gender gap in research productivity. We extend previous studies by considering men and women academics from science and non-science disciplines through an analysis of data from academics at 14 universities across two countries (seven in Australia and seven in Canada) and focusing on the role of primary caregiving. Our empirical approach used logistic regressions and the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition technique. The latter enabled us to ask: ‘How much of the gender gap in perceived productivity during the pandemic is due to gender differences in primary care responsibilities?' Within the sample (N = 2,817) of academics, 33% of women and 25% of men reported that their perceived publication ability decreased a lot during the pandemic. This is an eight percentage-point gender gap in perceived publication ability. Statistical analysis revealed that two-fifths (40%) of this gap may be explained by gender differences in having primary responsibility for the care of children. Gender differences in other characteristics such as age, discipline, and increased teaching and administrative work were not, as a group, significant. There were also no differences between Australia and Canada. The findings are important, particularly for the pursuit of gender equality within academia. In the absence of specific mitigating interventions, research disruptions in 2020 may have long-lasting career scarring effects (e.g. hiring, promotion, tenure) and, as a result, see women further disadvantaged within the academy. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Gender managerial obstacles in private organizations: the UAE case

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to report empirical research on gender managerial obstacles in UAE private organizations. It identifies the barriers that limit opportunities for gender equality promotion in managerial level positions.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were gathered from 384 female managers operating in UAE organizations using Survey Monkey and ANOVA for statistical analysis. Two variables (years of experience and industry) were used to compare the average means across the responses and the differences among the group.FindingsThe situation of gender equality in UAE management currently shows a positive trend. The females who participated in the survey have considerable work experience and jobs in a vital economic sector of the UAE industry. The earlier cultural stereotypes that worked against the interests of women in the UAE society are no longer relevant except for informal barriers and the level of cooperation among female leaders. We found differences among industry, service and transportation sectors in which gender managerial level in a private industry is dependent upon the number of years of experience for female managers.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of the study is the online survey was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown period in the spring of 2020, which led to a low number of participants responding to the questionnaire. Additionally, the survey did not include a nationality question to distinguish Emiratis from non-Emirati.Social implicationsThis study indicates a need to coordinate UAE female leaders' actions to protect their rights, develop formal and informal mechanisms of gender inequality realization in business and promote professional skills, orientation on social networks, and mentoring programs for female leaders. These initiatives improve the positions of female leaders.Originality/valueThe study of the UAE case adds to the existing literature on gender studies because the survey-based research in the UAE context contributes to the limited knowledge of Middle Eastern countries. The females' employment and their representation in managerial levels remain lower compared to males. Differences exist among the industry, service and transportation sectors.

The Role of African Entrepreneurship in Promoting Gender Equality and Increasing Resilience and Agility in Uncertain Times

Governments worldwide support entrepreneurship, perceived as the backbone and driver of economic growth and development. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), often associated with the term "entrepreneurship”, comprise over 80% of businesses and employ over 80% of the working population in many African countries. Promoting MSME competitiveness and providing targeted solutions for inclusive growth is considered key in helping countries achieve development objectives. However, the Covid-19 pandemic adversely disrupted the operations of MSMEs with lockdowns, travel restrictions, interrupted supply chains, and loss of income. Women-owned enterprises have been particularly adversely affected owing to their informality, as many of them lack legal and social protections. Additionally, women have had to endure an increased burden of childcare and family-related responsibilities. This chapter examines how women-owned enterprises in Africa are navigating through the pandemic, evaluates the role of entrepreneurship in addressing gender disparity, and makes recommendations for achieving sustainable development. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.

"In this together”? Gender inequality associated with home-working couples during the first COVID lockdown

The first lockdown, conferred upon us by the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020, created a unique, 3-month-long, laboratory-like situation that made gender relations and women's work especially relevant for social research. Full-time employed parents who switched to working from home were in a unique position to renegotiate the division of housework, childcare, or the management of school-related tasks. This paper explores what happened to the gendered division of unpaid work and what factors explain the (failed) renegotiation between full-time working parents. To explore this issue, we interviewed 52 Hungarian-speaking mothers in two countries, Hungary and Romania, who were living in heterosexual dual-earner families with children under the age of 14, and who were working full-time. Results show that, despite the unusual situation, the usual pattern of the division of unpaid work was sustained by most parents. Even though they were unhappy and sometimes overwhelmed with their workload, most mothers did not mind the division of care duties. Research findings deliver evidence that mothers' lack of willingness and ability to renegotiate the division of unpaid labor in the household was determined both from "inside” and "outside” households. The gendered nature of care work and intensive parenting and mothers' position in the labor market, including the flexibility of their employment, are two sets of mutually interwoven factors that contributed to women's lack of willingness to challenge the unequal division of reproductive work. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Mothering load: Underlying realities of professionally engaged indian mothers during a global crisis

The current global crisis has had a significant impact on professionally engaged mothers and the proliferation of the invisible nature of the work that they are engaged in on a daily basis. Several research studies have indicated how mothers seem to have been particularly affected. Mothers experienced an exacerbation in their domestic household and child-care responsibilities due to the absence of househelp and other child care arrangements while balancing their professional careers. These challenges crystallized the existing gender inequalities and the gendered nature of parenting. Using a feminist lens, this study explores the experiences of mothering load during COVID-19 against the backdrop of urban India. A total of two themes and six sub-themes were identified through the process of thematic analysis-Triad of work included increased care work, increased formal work, and increased worry work and Mothering experiences: Burdens and Biases included the lack of support, parental role overload, and gendered nature of parenting. This study adds to the limited empirical evidence of working mothers in India while straddling the worlds of feminism and mental health activism. Findings indicate the need to explicitly highlight the invisibilized phenomena of unpaid care work, worry work, and the gendered nature of parenting that contribute to the larger experience of mothering load. The findings also point toward acknowledging the importance of maternal mental health and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 to establish and enforce stronger policies around recognizing and appreciating unpaid care and domestic work to promote gender equality and empowering women at all levels. This may be enacted through the encouragement of shared responsibilities within the household and family units as contextually feasible and through the development of appropriate infrastructure, social protection policies, and the delivery of public services. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Education, equality and international development

This chapter explores the relationship between education and development and how this has been considered in research and policy. The chapter discusses key issues regarding how this relationship has been understood, conceptualized and monitored. It pays particular attention to debates around gender equality and girls' education and how these have been positioned in relation to a wider development agenda within global policy frameworks, including the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, and in the work of international development organizations. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.